Inventory of sensor types used in medical electronics

Wearable health sensors have long been on the market, and an absorbable Proteus sensor has also been born (has been approved by the FDA (US Food and Drug Administration)), the application of sensors in the field of medical electronics is common. This article mainly introduces the basic applications of biosensors, pressure sensors, and non-contact temperature sensors in the field of medical electronics.

Note: The Proteus sensor can be completely in contact with gastric juices while in the stomach, and then it will convey a unique signal according to the timing of ingestion. These signals are transmitted to a battery-powered patch on the skin through body tissue, so that various signals and physiological and behavioral indicators such as heart rate, posture, and activity can be detected. Of course, this last Proteus type sensor will flow out of the body like a high-fiber food, generally maintaining a 7-day lifespan.

Pressure sensor

Pressure sensors are transducers that convert force or gravity into electrical signals. The application of pressure sensors in medicine is called medical pressure sensors. They must be highly accurate and compactly packed to facilitate portability, especially when the device is to be directly connected to the patient. If the sensor is used in a medical device integrated monitoring instrument, standard packaging materials such as stainless steel and anodized aluminum are used. If the device is in direct contact with the human body or liquid, special stainless steel or disposable sensors that can be autoclaved can be used. The following figure shows the application of pressure sensor in medical treatment.

Medical pressure sensors were used in early bed load monitoring, but now small pressure sensors are used in areas prone to human error, such as infusion pumps used for drug delivery. In order to adjust the flow rate as accurately as possible and to facilitate nurses to monitor at any time, people apply pressure sensors to infusion pumps. This sensor can accurately measure the weight of the infusion bag. When the weight of the liquid is different from the preset value, the sensor will immediately send a warning message to the connected device and communicate with the controller in time.

Non-contact temperature sensor

In general, non-contact thermometers can measure the heat emitted from a remote infrared radiation heat source. In the absence of a clear fiber optic temperature sensor or an infrared fiber and infrared sensor combination permit, the sight of the non-contact surface is clear. This may help determine the surface temperature of fast-moving objects, even in narrow places and electromagnetic fields. AgClxBr1-X is considered to be the best choice for measurement at low temperatures. These fibers are flexible, insoluble in water, and non-toxic. For this reason, silver halide infrared optical fibers are used in infrared spectroscopy, as well as radiation measurement and thermal imaging in industrial and medical applications.

biological sensor

Biosensors are sensitive to biological substances and convert their concentration into electrical signals for detection. It is composed of immobilized biological sensitive materials as identification elements (including enzymes, antibodies, antigens, microorganisms, cells, tissues, nucleic acids and other biologically active substances) and Analysis tools composed of appropriate physical and chemical transducers (such as oxygen electrodes, photosensitive tubes, field effect tubes, piezoelectric crystals, etc.) and signal amplification devices.

In clinical medicine, the enzyme electrode is the earliest developed and most used sensor. By using microorganisms with different biological characteristics instead of enzymes, microbial sensors can be made. Biosensors have been used to monitor a variety of bacteria, viruses and their toxins. The typical representative product of the biosensor for drug analysis is the SPR biosensor, which is a surface membrane resonance analysis, which is a technology for real-time determination of biomolecule binding.

Implantable sensor

Implanted sensors are small, light, and compatible with the body, while also requiring very low power. More importantly, they cannot decay over time.

The power requirement is one of the main challenges for implantable sensors to work properly. Sensors that can function without power are the most perfect, but there is no such sensor on the market. The piezoelectric polymer sensor is small in size and high in reliability, does not require external power and can work continuously for a long time. Such sensors can be applied to cardiac pacemakers that monitor patient activity. As shown in the following figure, heart rate changes can be monitored in real time through implantable sensors. For example, because a large aneurysm grows in the abdomen, a part of the fragile artery needs to be removed and replaced with a synthetic tubular organ. At this time, a sensor can be implanted during the operation to monitor the pressure leakage at the surgical site.

Other uses of sensors in medicine

Today, sensors have been widely used in various monitoring instruments. The monitor is used in the diagnosis and treatment environment (such as operating room, emergency room, intensive care unit, intensive care unit, and increasingly common patient families) to monitor and display various major conditions of the patient's body, including electrocardiogram, pulse oximetry, blood pressure , Breathing, temperature, etc. The monitor can be an independent instrument or a multi-parameter instrument.

The role of the oxygen generator is to reduce the nitrogen in the air delivered to the patient, while increasing the proportion of oxygen. The oxygen generator is used for patients who cannot absorb oxygen into the blood smoothly, such as some patients with lung disease. Because the airflow sensor used in the oxygen generator must be able to measure ultra-low flow rates, such as the need to measure 0.1 cubic centimeter flow, the airflow sensor can be used to detect when the patient begins to exhale (that is, when the air flow should be reduced), so that Exhale easily and feel comfortable.

Low-pressure and ultra-low-pressure plastic silicon pressure sensors can detect the moment when the patient begins to inhale, so as to effectively and efficiently deliver oxygen, which can not only shorten the reaction time of the system, but also avoid the oxygen supply when the patient is not inhaling. waste. Therefore, the operation efficiency of the oxygen generator can be improved without a bulky oxygen generator. The small-sized oxygen generator consumes less power and is easy to carry. This stainless steel media-isolated pressure sensor can also detect the pressure of the buffer tank, and at the same time it can feed back a signal to the compressor to keep the compressor at a moderate pressure.

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