How to distinguish supercapacitors? What is the difference between a supercapacitor and a battery? What is a supercapacitor?

Supercapacitors (ultracapacitors), also known as electrochemical capacitors (Electrochemical Capacitors), electric double-layer capacitors (Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors), gold capacitors, farad capacitors, are developed from the 1970s and 1980s. An electrochemical component that liquefies an electrolyte to store energy. It is different from the traditional chemical power source. It is a power source with special performance between the traditional capacitor and the battery. It mainly relies on the electric double layer and the redox tantalum capacitor to store electric energy. However, there is no chemical reaction in the process of energy storage. This energy storage process is reversible, and it is precisely because this supercapacitor can be repeatedly charged and discharged hundreds of thousands of times. The basic principle is the same as other types of electric double layer capacitors, which use an electric double layer structure composed of activated carbon porous electrodes and electrolytes to obtain an extremely large capacity. The outstanding advantages are high power density, short charge and discharge time, long cycle life and wide operating temperature range. It is the largest capacity among the electric double layer capacitors that have been put into mass production in the world.

In the market, the concept of supercapacitors is very confusing, so it is necessary to master the basic capabilities of identifying various types of supercapacitors.

First, be clear about what is a supercapacitor. Since it is called a "capacitor", it should be a physical process that stores charge, rather than relying on electrochemical processes to store charge. Under this basic concept, a supercapacitor with a pure electric double layer principle is a true capacitor; whether an electrochemical capacitor can be called a capacitor requires analysis. Electrochemical supercapacitors should be divided into two types. If a double electric layer principle accounts for the main charge (or energy) storage, it can be called a supercapacitor. Generally, the supercapacitor does not have an energy density higher than that of an electric double layer supercapacitor. Larger, therefore, this supercapacitor has little practical significance; the charge storage of the second type of electrochemical "supercapacitor" is an electrochemical principle, and the charge of the electric double layer principle is only a small part. This kind of "supercapacitor" should actually become a "capacitor battery". As soon as the capacitor is deployed, in fact, there are more or less double layer effects in the battery, whether it will be a lithium ion battery, a nickel hydrogen battery, or a lead. The acid battery fluid is classified in the "supercapacitor" and the result is negative. Therefore, if the electrochemical effect clearly exceeds the double layer effect, it is also called "supercapacitor". Then it is called "tantalum capacitor" or "quasi-capacitance" is quite appropriate.

The next question is how to identify whether a super capacitor or a battery, an ultracapacitor with an electric double layer principle, an electrochemical capacitor, an organic supercapacitor or a water ultracapacitor or an organic supercapacitor.

First, there is no electrochemical process in the charging and discharging process of the supercapacitor of the electric double layer principle. Therefore, the voltage of the supercapacitor can be released to zero, so the double layer supercapacitor is short-circuited at both ends of the supercapacitor during storage, that is, the supercapacitor is not expected to have a charge or voltage when not in use. The voltage of the battery is not allowed to be released to zero, and the positive and negative electrodes are not allowed to be short-circuited, which may cause a short circuit and damage the battery. Therefore, it can be easily discerned only by shorting the two electrodes at ordinary times. Of course, it is also effective to use a method of distinguishing between supercapacitors and batteries by using zero discharge. Second, theoretically, since the two electrodes of the supercapacitor are symmetrical, reverse voltage operation is allowed, and the battery is determined. It is not allowed or possible to work with reverse voltage; thirdly, the relationship between voltage and charge in the charging process of the supercapacitor of the electric double layer principle is linear, and the relationship between the voltage and the charge of the battery is not linear.

If the identification between the electrochemical supercapacitor and the battery is more difficult than the identification between the supercapacitor and the battery of the electric double layer principle. The reason is that the principle of electrochemical supercapacitor is the same as that of the battery, except that the electrochemical supercapacitor also has a part of the electric double layer effect as part of the energy storage. If this is not the case, it is not a supercapacitor in nature. If you need to distinguish between electrochemical supercapacitors and batteries, you can start with energy density. That is, the energy storage of the electrochemical supercapacitor is much lower than that of the battery Therefore, the comparison of the discharge capacity can distinguish between the electrochemical capacitor and the battery.

Since the characteristics of the electrochemical supercapacitor are very similar to those of the battery, the method of identifying the electric double layer supercapacitor and the electrochemical supercapacitor is the same as that of the electric double layer supercapacitor and the secondary battery, that is, the electric double layer supercapacitor can release the voltage to Zero, while electrochemical supercapacitors do not allow the terminal voltage to be released to zero; it is also possible to use the double layer principle. The supercapacitor ESR is much lower than the electrochemical supercapacitor to identify whether it is an electric double layer supercapacitor or an electrochemical supercapacitor; In the method, since the electrochemical supercapacitor has an electrochemical reaction during charging and discharging, the corresponding energy storage and release is higher than that of the electric double layer supercapacitor. Therefore, the equivalent faradan number of the electrochemical supercapacitor is larger than that of the electric double layer supercapacitor. Electrochemical supercapacitors and electric double layer supercapacitors can be distinguished from farad numbers.

The identification of water-based supercapacitors and organic system supercapacitors is simple. The rated voltage of the water-based supercapacitor is not a voltage level of the organic system supercapacitor, the rated voltage of the organic system supercapacitor is between 2.3 and 2.7V, and the water supercapacitor is less than 1.6V. For single-capacitor supercapacitors, organic supercapacitors and water-based supercapacitors can be distinguished only from their rated voltage values. Since the energy density of the organic system supercapacitor is higher than that of the water-based supercapacitor, it is also possible to distinguish between an organic system supercapacitor or a water-based supercapacitor from the viewpoint of energy density. For example, water-based supercapacitors are usually relatively large in volume and heavy in weight.

In terms of package form, the package of small-capacity organic system supercapacitors is similar to electric-grade capacitors or button cells, while water-based supercapacitors do not have the same package type as geocapacitors. In the ESR aspect, the ESR of the double-layered water-based supercapacitor is lower than that of the organic supercapacitor, so the supercapacitor discharge current of the water-based electric double layer principle is higher than that of the organic system.

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